Nabia Abbott- Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan pada abad 19 telah mendorong Ilmuwan Barat untuk tertarik menspesifikasikan kajian terhadap linguistic, agama dan budaya ketimuran. Salah satu kajian yang menjadi fokus mereka adalah kajian mengenai literatur keislaman khususnya hadis.

Di antara ilmuwan tersebut yang fokus pada kajian hadis adalah Ignaz Goldziher, Josept Schat, Harald Motzki, G.H.A Juynboll, Michael Cook dan Nabia Abbott. Wall B. Hallaq dalam bukunya berjudul The Authentic of Prophetic Hadith  bahwa menariknya nama Nabia Abbot mulai populer pada tahun 1950  saat ia mengkritik sekaligus menolak beberapa pemikiran Josept Schat tentang hadis berupaya untuk membuktikan keotentikan pemikirannya.

Hal ini sangat memberikan celah perbedaan antara beliau dan tokoh lainnya. Di mana mayoritas dari mereka mengkaji Islam, seringkali memandang sebelah mata dan tidak proporsional.  Beliau tidak sendiri, tokoh bernama Fuad Sezgin, Johan Fuck dan M. M Azami sejalan dengan pandangan beliau.

Nabia Abbott lahir di Turki pada tahun 1897. Beliau telah mengelilinggi dunia Timur Tengah hingga India. Beliau memperoleh pendidikan di Sekolah Inggris dan menetap di sana sampai Perang Dunia Pertama. Setelah itu Nabia pindah ke Iraq.

Kala 1933, Nabia menjadi perempuan pertama yang menggeluti pendidikan di Universitas Chicago dan berhasil menyandang gelar professor pada tahun 1963. Dalam studinya, beliau menekuni manuskrip Arab yang terbukti melalui karyanya mampu menjadikan dirinya sarjana yang sangat antusias dengan hadis. Hal ini juga terlegitimasi dari Dr. Muhsin Mahdi, seorang professor Arab sekaligus rektor di kampusnya.

Sepanjang perjalanan studinya, Nabia banyak sekali menuliskan karya-karya. Dalam beberapa karyanya secara khusus membahas mengenai literatur Arab, paleography, dan hadis. Ditelisik dari https://www.ghazali.org/site/paleography.htm terdapat lima karya Nabi dalam bentuk buku.

Di antaranya berjudul The Rise of The Arabic Script and its Quranic Development, Aishah The Belove Muhammad, Studies Literary in Papyri Volume I (Historical and Texts) , Volume Studies Literary in Papyri II (Qur’anic , Commentary  and Tradition) dan Studies Literary in Papyri Volume III  (Language and Literature). Selain itu terdapat enama belas jurnal yang teelah beliau tulis. Beberapa di antaranya adalah The Monasteries of The Fayyun, An Arabic Papyrus in The Oriental Institute, dan Two Buyid Coins in The Oriental Institute.

Dalam mendalami hadis dijelaskan oleh Fazlurrahman dalam buku Islam bahwa Nabia dipengaruhi oleh beberapa tokoh seperti Ignaz Goldziher. Melalui karya kontroversial dalam bidang hadis berjudul Mohammedonische Studien pada tahun 1890 dalam bahasa Jerman. Kemudian diterjemahkan dalam bahasa Inggris dengan judul Muslim Studies yang diterjemahkan oleh C.R Barber dan S. M Tern.

Kala itu Muslim Studies  diaanggap kitab suci oleh kalangan orientalis. Buku ini dijadikan rujukan utama studi ilmu keislaman khususnya hadis oleh para sarjana dan orientalis Barat. Oleh sebab itulah Goldziher dianggap orang pertama yang meletakkan dasar kajian skeptik   terhadap hadis yang diterima banyak kalangan sarjana Barat.

Selain Goldzhier, ada satu tokoh lagi yang memengaruhi pemikiran Nabia. Yakni Josept Schat dengan karyanya yang berjudul The Origin of Muhammadan Jurisprudence pada tahun 1950. Yang mana pemikirannya tersebut menimbulkan diskursus antara para sarjana hadis di Barat.

Muhammad Musin dalam Nabia Abbot Biography memaparkan bahwa jika dilihat dari sepak terjangnya di dunia intelektual, nama Nabia sangat patut diperhitungkan. Keseriusannya dalam mempelajari teks-teks kuno manuskrip Arab dan dibuktikan dengan beberapa karyanya  mampu menjadikan Nabia sebagai seorang professor yang sangat menaruh antusias besar dalam mengkaji kebudayaan Islam, temasuk Alquran dan hadis.

Ambisi dan keseriusan Nabia menjadikannya sebagai perempuan penting dalam dunia orientalis sehingga berhasil mencantumkan beberapa prestasi kebanggaannya sebagai upaya pelopor banyak wanita di wilayah Islam Timur Tengah.

Wael B. Hallaq mengategorikan Nabia sebagai salah satu orientalis yang berupaya keras menolak pendapat Joseph Schacht tentang hadis pada tahun 1950 dan berupaya keras membuktikan keakuratan pemikirannya. Hal tersebut cukup memberikan ruang perbedaan antara Nabia Abbott dengan Joseph Schacht.

Dalam Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri II: Qur’anic Commentary and Tradition, Nabia Abbot menjelaskan bahwa hadis merupakan perpendekan kata untuk penyebutan segala yang berasal dari Muhammad berupa perkataan. Pada saat yang hampir sama juga terdapat istilah hadis sahabat atau atsar sahabat, yang mengindikasikan untuk segala apa yang dikatakan oleh para sahabat.

Selain hadis, terdapat pula istilah khabar yang dianggap oleh Nabia memiliki arti yang berbeda dengan hadis. Karena khabar berisi mengenai sejarah dan biografi para tokoh-tokoh terkenal yang memuat informasi-informasi yang berkaitan dengan disiplin intelektual kala itu.

Nabia juga menambahkan bahwa definisi khabar adalah cerita pendek yang berisi tentang informasi dari sumber-sumber yang akurat. Nabia juga menambahkan bahwa hadis dan khabar memiliki makna yang sama. Yakni laporan atau informasi, tapi  secara teknik hadis berbeda dengan khabar.

Hadis mempunyai makna yang lebih spesifik. Penjelasan ini mengindikasikan bahwa keberadaan khabar memiliki sifat universal  jika dibandingkan dengan hadis. Jika term hadis bisa dimaknai dengan segala yang dikatakan oleh Muhammad maupun para sahabat sebagaimana di atas, sedangkan  untuk term khabar tidak hanya sebatas nabi  Muhammad dan para sahabat saja. Melainkan juga mencakup khalayak umum.

Apapun yang dikatakan oleh khalayak umum yang berisi tentang segala informasi dari sumber-sumber yang terpercaya, baik oleh Muhammad, para sahabat, tabi’in, dan generasi berikutnya bisa disebut khabar. Oleh karena itu Nabia kemudian menspesifikasikan pembahasan dengan mengatakan bahwa setiap hadis adalah khabar tetapi tidak setiap khabar adalah hadis.

Nabia Abbott juga menjelaskan mengenai sunnah. Dalam Historical Text, Nabia menjelaskannya dalam tiga aspek. Pertama, sunan merupakan bentuk jamak dari sunah. Term sunnah tidak hanya terbatas mengenai apa yang dilakukan dan dipraktikkan oleh Muhammad. Tetapi juga mencakup apa yang dilakukan dan dipraktikkan oleh dua khalifah sesudahnya, yaitu Abu Bakar, dan ‘Umar. Nabia menambahkan bahwa yang dilakukan dan dipraktikkan oleh orang-orang yang terlibat dalam bidang pemerintahan dikendalikan tiga pemimpin. Yaitu Muhammad, Abu Bakar dan Umar I.

Kedua, Kata sunah juga berarti  hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan administrasi pemerintahan dan praktik-praktik legal. Dan  ketiga, Sunah juga merupakan hal-hal  melibatkan dokumen-dokumen pemerintahan yang berisi petunjuk, bimbingan dan arahan bagi daerah atau provinsi yang baru ditaklukan. Wallahu a’lam.

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