Perempuan

Stigma Pengidap Covid-19 dan Perempuan Korban Kekerasan

Palestinian painters work on a mural to draw attention to the novel coronavirus pandemic in Khan Yunis, Gaza, on March 28. Mustafa Hassona/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images

Di tengah upaya Pemerintah dan masyarakat untuk mengatasi pandemi Covid-19, stigma terhadap orang yang dinyatakan positif virus ini merupakan suatu persoalan tersendiri.

Hal itu tercermin antara lain dari penolakan jenazah oleh warga tertentu di sejumlah daerah. Misalnya di Banyumas, Ungaran, dan Gowa. Atau pengusiran kepada petugas kesehatan di Jakarta Timur sehingga tidak dapat pulang beristirahat ke rumahnya.

Adanya kewaspadaan dalam konteks pandemi Covid-19 adalah langkah yang perlu dilakukan. Namun, kekhawatiran berlebihan, termasuk menjauhkan atau mengucikan mereka yang dinyatakan positif Covid-19 adalah  manifestasi dari stigma orang positif virus corona.

Melawan Stigma

Stigma kepada siapapun dan atas dasar apapun dapat mengakibatkan diskriminasi. Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), stigma adalah ciri negatif yang menempel pada pribadi seseorang karena pengaruh lingkungannya.

Stigma selalu merugikan orang yang dikenai stigma. Dalam kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan, stigma kerapkali mengarah kepada korban. Misalnya dianggap aib atau sebagai pihak yang mendorong terjadinya kekerasan. Hal itu tentu saja akan menghambat pemulihan korban dan menambah traumanya. Di sisi lain, hal itu justru membuat pelaku seolah mendapatkan pewajaran atas perbuatannya.

Stigma terhadap perempuan korban kekerasan dapat termanifestasi dalam tindakan diskriminatif, misalnya diusir dari kampung atau diminta membayar denda tertentu kepada kampung untuk membersihkan aib. Apabila hal ini terjadi, dapat dipastikan tidak ada ruang negosiasi bagi korban untuk terlepas dari stigma itu kecuali mengikuti apa yang dikehendaki masyarakat.

Tindakan itu jelas bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam, yang memerintahkan kepada setiap orang untuk menolong mereka yang lemah (mustadh’afin). Perempuan korban kekerasan adalah kelompok yang lemah yang harus ditolong atas kekerasan yang dia alami, bukan sebaliknya malah distigma dan didiskriminasi.

Demikian pula dengan jenazah positif Covid-19 dan tenaga kesehatan yang merawat ODP dan PDP. Ketika sekelompok warga menolak jenazah untuk dimakamkan dan mengusir tenaga kesehatan dari lingkungannya, nyaris tidak tersedia ruang bagi pengantar jenazah dan tenaga kesehatan tersebut untuk meminta warga menghilangkan stigma kepada mereka. Di sini kemudian berlaku relasi kuasa: yang lebih kuat dan dominan mengalahkan yang lemah dan tidak berdaya.

Apa yang terjadi? Jenazah itu yang kemudian harus dipindahkan ke tempat lain untuk dicarikan tempat pemakaman yang bersedia menampung. Demikian pula dengan tenaga kesehatan yang terpaksa menginap di rumah sakit tempatnya bekerja, sebelum akhirnya difasilitasi tempat menginap sementara oleh pemerintah daerah setempat.

Stop Stigma kepada Siapapun

Apa persamaan antara stigma terhadap orang positif Covid-19 dan perempuan korban kekerasan? Pertama, stigma selain merugikan orang yang dikenai stigma,  tanpa disadari justru akan merugikan masyarakat itu sendiri. Jika tidak diatasi, bukan tidak mungkin, akan ada anggota masyarakat lainnya yang juga mengalami kerugian saat terkena stigma serupa karena lingkaran stigma itu tidak pernah diputus.

Dalam konteks pandemi Covid-19, bukan tidak mungkin orang yang pernah menolak pemakaman jenazah justru positif setelah dites. Bukankah setiap orang dapat menjadi carrier tanpa menunjukkan gejala? Lantas, siapkah ia jika mengalami penolakan serupa?

Sementara dalam kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan, bukankah masyarakat sedang menggali kubangan bagi anggota masyarakat lainnya, khususnya perempuan dan anak? Akan kemana mereka mencari pertolongan saat mengalami kekerasan dan distigma oleh masyarakat?  Bagaimana jika di antara mereka merupakan anggota keluarganya sendiri?

Kedua, adanya stigma yang muncul di masyarakat menunjukkan tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat yang masih rendah. Dalam konteks pandemi Covid-19, masyarakat belum dapat membedakan antara sikap waspada dengan stigma. Demikian pula dalam kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan, masyarakat belum memahami kekerasan terhadap perempuan sebagai perbuatan yang melanggar martabat kemanusiaan korbannya, bukan pelanggaran terhadap kesusilaan atau tata moralitas masyarakat.

Ketiga, stigma membuat pelaku justru potensial menghindarkan diri dari sanksi. Dalam kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan, stigma terhadap korban justru memberi ruang bagi pelaku untuk menghindari jerat hukum. Sementara dalam konteks pandemi Covid-19, masyarakat menjadi terluput untuk fokus pada upaya pencegahan virusnya. Virus itu dapat dicegah dengan melakukan jaga jarak, pakai masker, cuci tangan, dan menghindari menyentuh area wajah. Bukan dengan mengucilkan orangnya.

Pendekatan Agama

Oleh karena itu, membangun pengetahuan di kalangan masyarakat menjadi hal yang urgen.  Ini agar masyarakat mampu membedakan antara tindakan kewaspadaan dengan stigma dalam penanganan Covid-19. Demikian pula, agar masyarakat mampu memberikan perlindungan kepada perempuan korban kekerasan, bukan malah mengucilkannya dengan stigma.

Dalam Islam, maqashid al-syari’ah dapat digunakan sebagai fondasi untuk mengubah cara pandang masyarakat yang menstigma orang yang positif Covid-19 serta perempuan korban kekerasan. Dalam maqashid al-syari’ah terdapat hifdzh al-nafs, memelihara jiwa. Maksud dari hifzh al-nafs dapat dimaknai secara luas yaitu tidak hanya menjaga jiwa agar tetap sehat secara fisik atau menikmati keberkahan usia yang dianugerahkan sang Pencipta, melainkan juga sehat secara psikis dan spiritual.

Menjaga kesehatan fisik harus disertai dengan menjaga kesehatan secara psikis. Kesehatan psikis dapat dijaga melalui upaya yang holistik dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan jiwa, termasuk meniadakan segala sumber stress, depresi, dan trauma bagi siapapun.

Stigma kepada perempuan korban kekerasan serta orang positif Covid-19 dapat menimbulkan stress dan trauma tersendiri. Oleh karena itu, menghapuskan stigma di masyarakat terhadap keduanya mutlak harus dilakukan sebagai bagian dari akhlak mulia dan menegakkan prinsip hifdzh al-nafs dalam maqashid al-syari’ah.

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